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Mark 12 Jesus Predicts His Death and Resurrection

The Parable of the Tenants

1 He then began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard. He put a wall around it, dug a pit for the winepress and built a watchtower. Then he rented the vineyard to some farmers and went away on a journey. 2 At harvest time he sent a servant to the tenants to collect from them some of the fruit of the vineyard. 3 But they seized him, beat him and sent him away empty-handed. 4 Then he sent another servant to them; they struck this man on the head and treated him shamefully. 5 He sent still another, and that one they killed. He sent many others; some of them they beat, others they killed.

6 “He had one left to send, a son, whom he loved. He sent him last of all, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’

7 “But the tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’ 8 So they took him and killed him, and threw him out of the vineyard.

9 “What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and kill those tenants and give the vineyard to others.

10 Haven’t you read this scripture:
“‘The stone the builders rejected
has become the capstone;

11 the Lord has done this,
and it is marvelous in our eyes’?”

12 Then they looked for a way to arrest him because they knew he had spoken the parable against them. But they were afraid of the crowd; so they left him and went away.

Paying Taxes to Caesar

13 Later they sent some of the Pharisees and Herodians to Jesus to catch him in his words. 14 They came to him and said, “Teacher, we know you are a man of integrity. You aren’t swayed by men, because you pay no attention to who they are; but you teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. Is it right to pay taxes to Caesar or not? 15 Should we pay or shouldn’t we?”
But Jesus knew their hypocrisy. “Why are you trying to trap me?” he asked. “Bring me a denarius and let me look at it.”
16 They brought the coin, and he asked them, “Whose portrait is this? And whose inscription?”
“Caesar’s,” they replied.

17 Then Jesus said to them, “Give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s.”
And they were amazed at him.

Marriage at the Resurrection

18 Then the Sadducees, who say there is no resurrection, came to him with a question. 19 “Teacher,” they said, “Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies and leaves a wife but no children, the man must marry the widow and have children for his brother. 20 Now there were seven brothers. The first one married and died without leaving any children. 21 The second one married the widow, but he also died, leaving no child. It was the same with the third. 22 In fact, none of the seven left any children. Last of all, the woman died too. 23 At the resurrection whose wife will she be, since the seven were married to her?”

24 Jesus replied, “Are you not in error because you do not know the Scriptures or the power of God? 25 When the dead rise, they will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they will be like the angels in heaven. 26 Now about the dead rising—have you not read in the book of Moses, in the account of the bush, how God said to him, ‘I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’? 27 He is not the God of the dead, but of the living. You are badly mistaken!”

The Greatest Commandment

28 One of the teachers of the law came and heard them debating. Noticing that Jesus had given them a good answer, he asked him, “Of all the commandments, which is the most important?”

29 “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: ‘Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one. 30 Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength.’ 31 The second is this: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no commandment greater than these.”

32 “Well said, teacher,” the man replied. “You are right in saying that God is one and there is no other but him. 33 To love him with all your heart, with all your understanding and with all your strength, and to love your neighbor as yourself is more important than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.”

34 When Jesus saw that he had answered wisely, he said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.” And from then on no one dared ask him any more questions.

Whose Son Is the Christ?

35 While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he asked, “How is it that the teachers of the law say that the Christ is the son of David? 36 David himself, speaking by the Holy Spirit, declared:
“‘The Lord said to my Lord:
“Sit at my right hand
until I put your enemies
under your feet.”’

37 David himself calls him ‘Lord.’ How then can he be his son?”
The large crowd listened to him with delight.

Warning Against the Teachers of the Law

38 As he taught, Jesus said, “Watch out for the teachers of the law. They like to walk around in flowing robes and be greeted in the marketplaces,

39 and have the most important seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets.

40 They devour widows’ houses and for a show make lengthy prayers. Such men will be punished most severely.”

The Widow’s Offering

41 Jesus sat down opposite the place where the offerings were put and watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. Many rich people threw in large amounts. 42 But a poor widow came and put in two very small copper coins, worth only a fraction of a penny.

43 Calling his disciples to him, Jesus said, “I tell you the truth, this poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. 44 They all gave out of their wealth; but she, out of her poverty, put in everything—all she had to live on.”

Analysis of Mark Chapter 12

Mark Chapter 12 is a rich and multifaceted segment of the Gospel of Mark that encapsulates a variety of important teachings and interactions of Jesus. This chapter is pivotal as it encompasses several parables, teachings on taxes, resurrection, and the greatest commandment, among other themes. As we delve into this chapter, we’ll unravel the layers of meaning within each section, providing a deep insight into its context, significance, and application to modern Christian life.

The Parable of the Tenants (Verses 1-12)

Mark 12 opens with the Parable of the Tenants, a story in which Jesus uses allegory to convey a crucial spiritual lesson. Jesus describes a man who plants a vineyard, rents it to some farmers, and then goes away on a journey. When the time comes, he sends servants to collect some of the fruit from the tenants, but each servant is beaten or killed. Finally, the owner sends his son, thinking they will respect him, but the tenants murder the son, hoping to seize his inheritance. The owner then comes to destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to others.

This parable is rich in symbolic meaning:

  • The Vineyard: Represents the kingdom of God or Israel, as frequently seen in the Old Testament.
  • The Owner: Symbolizes God.
  • The Tenants: Represent the religious leaders and people of Israel who have been entrusted with God’s messages and blessings.
  • The Servants: Depict the prophets sent by God, repeatedly mistreated or rejected.
  • The Son: Represents Jesus Christ.

This narrative illustrates the rejection of prophets and ultimately the Son, culminating in God’s judgement and the vineyard being entrusted to others, symbolizing the inclusion of the Gentiles in the salvific plan. This parable foreshadows Jesus’ own death at the hands of the religious leaders and serves as a stark warning of the consequences of rejecting God’s messengers.

Paying Taxes to Caesar (Verses 13-17)

Following the Parable of the Tenants, the Pharisees and the Herodians attempt to trap Jesus with a question about paying taxes to Caesar. They ask Him whether it is lawful to pay the imperial tax. Jesus, recognizing their hypocrisy, asks them to bring Him a denarius and inquires whose image and inscription are on it. When they reply, “Caesar’s,” Jesus delivers the famous line: “Give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s.”

This response encapsulates several important teachings:

  • Dual Citizenship: Jesus acknowledges the legitimacy of earthly authorities and responsibilities, implying that His followers should fulfill their obligations such as paying taxes.
  • Divine Sovereignty: By stating, “and to God what is God’s,” Jesus underscores the supreme authority of God over all aspects of life. Humans, bearing God’s image, owe their ultimate allegiance to Him.

Jesus’ answer skillfully avoids the trap set for Him, reveals His wisdom, and provides a framework for understanding the relationship between spiritual and secular duties.

Marriage and the Resurrection (Verses 18-27)

The Sadducees, who deny the resurrection, present a hypothetical scenario to Jesus to challenge the concept of resurrection. They describe a woman who marries seven brothers in succession, each of whom dies, and ask whose wife she will be in the resurrection. Jesus tells them they are mistaken and do not know the Scriptures or the power of God. He explains that in the resurrection, people will neither marry nor be given in marriage but will be like angels in heaven. He further asserts the reality of the resurrection by referencing God’s self-identification as the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing that God is the God of the living, not the dead.

Key insights from this dialogue include:

  • Misconceptions About Resurrection: Jesus corrects the Sadducees’ misunderstanding of the nature of life after resurrection, indicating a transformed existence where earthly institutions like marriage no longer apply.
  • Scriptural Authority: Jesus affirms the authority of Scripture and God’s power, reinforcing the reality of resurrection.
  • Eternal Life: The reference to God as the God of the living implies the continuity of life beyond death for those in a covenant relationship with Him.

The Greatest Commandment (Verses 28-34)

A teacher of the law asks Jesus which is the greatest commandment. Jesus replies, quoting Deuteronomy 6:4-5, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind, and strength,” and Leviticus 19:18, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” He asserts that there is no commandment greater than these.

This teaching underscores several fundamental principles:

  • Primacy of Love: Love is the essence of God’s commands. The relationship with God and others should be characterized by genuine love and devotion.
  • Holistic Devotion: Loving God involves the entire being—heart, soul, mind, and strength, indicating total commitment and integration of one’s life around one’s relationship with God.
  • Interconnectedness of Love for God and Neighbor: The love for one’s neighbor is the natural outflow of loving God. These two commandments are inseparable and together encapsulate the whole law.

The teacher of the law acknowledges the truth of Jesus’ words, and Jesus commends him, indicating his proximity to the kingdom of God. This interaction highlights the heart of Jesus’ teaching on the law and its fulfillment through love.

Whose Son Is the Messiah? (Verses 35-37)

In the temple courts, Jesus poses a question about the Messiah’s identity, asking how the teachers of the law can say that the Messiah is the son of David when David himself, inspired by the Holy Spirit, calls him “Lord” (quoting Psalm 110:1). Jesus uses this to challenge the common understanding of the Messiah merely as a descendant of David, suggesting a more profound divine nature of the Messiah.

Key points from this question include:

  • Divinity of the Messiah: Jesus hints at the Messiah’s divine nature, indicating that the Messiah, while being a descendant of David, is also David’s Lord.
  • Scriptural Interpretation: This dialogue encourages a deeper engagement with Scriptures, suggesting that the true understanding of the Messiah encompasses more than a purely earthly kingship.

This teaching challenges conventional expectations about the Messiah and invites deeper contemplation of His identity.

Warning Against the Teachers of the Law (Verses 38-40)

Jesus cautions His followers against the teachers of the law, who enjoy public recognition and privileges but exploit the vulnerable and practice hypocrisy. He condemns their actions and warns that they will be severely punished.

Insights from Jesus’ warning include:

  • Condemnation of Hypocrisy: Jesus strongly condemns religious hypocrisy, emphasizing integrity in one’s spiritual life.
  • Concern for the Vulnerable: Jesus’ denunciation highlights His deep concern for the marginalized and the exploitation they face at the hands of those in religious authority.
  • Accountability for Leaders: This teaching underscores the accountability of spiritual leaders, who are held to a higher standard and will face greater judgment for their actions.

The Widow’s Offering (Verses 41-44)

Closing the chapter, Jesus observes people giving offerings at the temple treasury. While many rich people put in large amounts, a poor widow contributes two small copper coins, which constitute all she has to live on. Jesus calls His disciples and commends the widow for her offering, stating that she gave more than the others because she gave out of her poverty, while they gave out of their wealth.

This narrative presents several profound lessons:

  • True Generosity: Jesus redefines generosity not by the amount given but by the sacrifice and heart behind the giving.
  • Total Dependence on God: The widow’s offering signifies her complete trust in God, as she gives everything she has despite her poverty.
  • Value of Humility and Sincerity: Jesus values the humility and sincerity in acts of devotion, contrasting the widow’s genuine sacrifice with the ostentatious giving of the wealthy.

In conclusion, Mark Chapter 12 offers a profound exploration of Jesus’ teachings, challenging both His followers and religious authorities. Through parables, dialogues, and observations, Jesus elucidates essential principles about the kingdom of God, the nature of true devotion, the relationship between worldly and spiritual duties, and the call to live a life marked by love, integrity, and sacrificial giving. This chapter not only reinforces the centrality of Jesus’ message but also provides timeless wisdom for Christians striving to embody the values of the kingdom in their daily lives.