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1 Kings 4 Elijah Challenges Prophets of Baal

1 Solomon’s Officials and Governors
So King Solomon ruled over all Israel.

2 And these were his chief officials:
Azariah son of Zadok—the priest;

3 Elihoreph and Ahijah, sons of Shisha—secretaries;
Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud—recorder;

4 Benaiah son of Jehoiada—commander in chief;
Zadok and Abiathar—priests;

5 Azariah son of Nathan—in charge of the district officers;
Zabud son of Nathan—a priest and personal adviser to the king;

6 Ahishar—in charge of the palace;
Adoniram son of Abda—in charge of forced labor.

7 Solomon also had twelve district governors over all Israel, who supplied provisions for the king and the royal household. Each one had to provide supplies for one month in the year.

8 These are their names:
Ben-Hur—in the hill country of Ephraim;

9 Ben-Deker—in Makaz, Shaalbim, Beth Shemesh and Elon Bethhanan;

10 Ben-Hesed—in Arubboth (Socoh and all the land of Hepher were his);

11 Ben-Abinadab—in Naphoth Dor (he was married to Taphath daughter of Solomon);

12 Baana son of Ahilud—in Taanach and Megiddo, and in all of Beth Shan next to Zarethan below Jezreel, from Beth Shan to Abel Meholah across to Jokmeam;

13 Ben-Geber—in Ramoth Gilead (the settlements of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead were his, as well as the district of Argob in Bashan and its sixty large walled cities with bronze gate bars);

14 Ahinadab son of Iddo—in Mahanaim;

15 Ahimaaz—in Naphtali (he had married Basemath daughter of Solomon);

16 Baana son of Hushai—in Asher and in Aloth;

17 Jehoshaphat son of Paruah—in Issachar;

18 Shimei son of Ela—in Benjamin;

19 Geber son of Uri—in Gilead (the country of Sihon king of the Amorites and the country of Og king of Bashan). He was the only governor over the district.

20 Solomon’s Daily Provisions
The people of Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand on the seashore; they ate, they drank and they were happy.

21 And Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, as far as the border of Egypt. These countries brought tribute and were Solomon’s subjects all his life.

22 Solomon’s daily provisions were thirty cors of fine flour and sixty cors of meal,

23 ten head of stall-fed cattle, twenty of pasture-fed cattle and a hundred sheep and goats, as well as deer, gazelles, roebucks and choice fowl.

24 For he ruled over all the kingdoms west of the River, from Tiphsah to Gaza, and had peace on all sides.

25 During Solomon’s lifetime Judah and Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, lived in safety, each man under his own vine and fig tree.

26 Solomon had four thousand stalls for chariot horses, and twelve thousand horses.

27 The district officers, each in his month, supplied provisions for King Solomon and all who came to the king’s table. They saw to it that nothing was lacking.

28 They also brought to the proper place their quotas of barley and straw for the chariot horses and the other horses.

29 Solomon’s Wisdom
God gave Solomon wisdom and very great insight, and a breadth of understanding as measureless as the sand on the seashore.

30 Solomon’s wisdom was greater than the wisdom of all the men of the East, and greater than all the wisdom of Egypt.

31 He was wiser than any other man, including Ethan the Ezrahite—wiser than Heman, Calcol and Darda, the sons of Mahol. And his fame spread to all the surrounding nations.

32 He spoke three thousand proverbs and his songs numbered a thousand and five.

33 He described plant life, from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that grows out of walls. He also taught about animals and birds, reptiles and fish.

34 Men of all nations came to listen to Solomon’s wisdom, sent by all the kings of the world, who had heard of his wisdom.

Analysis of 1 Kings Chapter 4

The fourth chapter of 1 Kings delves into the reign of King Solomon, highlighting his governance, administration, and the flourishing of Israel under his wise leadership. This chapter provides a detailed account of the key officials serving in Solomon’s government and underscores the organizational structure he established to manage the kingdom effectively. Additionally, it offers insights into the prosperity and peace that characterized Solomon’s reign, reflecting the fulfillment of God’s promise to David concerning his lineage. This analysis will break down the verses of 1 Kings 4 to illuminate these themes further.

Verses 1-6: Solomon’s Key Officials

The chapter begins by listing Solomon’s principal officials, setting the stage for understanding the administrative framework of his kingdom. The officials mentioned include the priests, secretaries, recorder, commander-in-chief, and those in charge of the king’s household and forced labor.

  • Azariah son of Zadok – The Priest: The mention of Azariah, the son of Zadok, highlights the continuity of priestly leadership. Zadok was a high priest during David’s reign, signaling a smooth transition into Solomon’s rule with trusted religious leadership.
  • Elihoreph and Ahijah, sons of Shisha – Secretaries: These two officials were responsible for recording and managing documents, reflecting the importance of meticulous record-keeping and administration.
  • Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud – Recorder: As the recorder, Jehoshaphat maintained the official records of the kingdom, ensuring accurate historical documentation.
  • Benaiah son of Jehoiada – Commander-in-Chief: Benaiah’s role as the military leader underscores the significance of a strong defense and security apparatus in maintaining stability.
  • Zadok and Abiathar – Priests: The mention of two priests, Zadok and Abiathar, reflects the dual priesthood, though Abiathar’s declining influence due to his support for Adonijah’s rebellion is subtly noted.
  • Azariah son of Nathan – In Charge of the District Governors: Azariah’s position over regional governors highlights the importance of local governance and effective delegation.
  • Zabud son of Nathan – Priest and Advisor: Zabud served a dual role, indicating the blending of religious and political advisory functions.
  • Ahishar – In Charge of the Palace: Ahishar’s role demonstrates the operational management of the royal household, ensuring smooth daily functions.
  • Adoniram son of Abda – In Charge of Forced Labor: Adoniram’s position illustrates the labor contributions from the people, a necessity for large-scale projects during Solomon’s reign.

This meticulous detail in listing officials not only underscores the complexity of Solomon’s administration but also highlights the wise organization and delegation of responsibilities that contributed to the kingdom’s efficiency and order.

Verses 7-19: The Twelve District Governors

The chapter continues by naming the twelve district governors appointed by Solomon to oversee various regions of Israel. These governors were responsible for providing supplies for the king and his household, one region per month.

This system of governance ensured a steady supply chain and reflected equitable contribution from all regions, demonstrating Solomon’s strategic and fair approach to resource management. Some notable governors include:

  • Ben-Hur in the hill country of Ephraim: Overseeing a region known for its historical and strategic significance.
  • Ben-Deker in Makaz, Shaalbim, Beth-Shemesh, and Elon Bethhanan: An indication of multiple cities under one governor showcases administrative consolidation.
  • Ben-Hesed in Arubboth and Socoh: Reflects geographical diversity in the governed regions.
  • Ben-Abinadab in Naphoth Dor: Highlighted with a note of his marriage to Taphath, Solomon’s daughter, indicating familial alliances and loyalty.

Each governor had distinct areas under their jurisdiction, indicating a well-established administrative system capable of managing diverse regions and their resources efficiently.

Verses 20-21: Prosperity and Peace

These verses provide a sweeping summary of the prosperity and peace that characterized Solomon’s reign. The text states, “The people of Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand by the sea; they ate, they drank, and they were happy.” This imagery evokes the fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham about the multitude of his descendants and reinforces the peace and prosperity under Solomon’s rule.

Furthermore, Solomon’s dominion is depicted as extending “over all the kingdoms from the Euphrates to the land of the Philistines, and as far as the border of Egypt.” This vast territory illustrates Israel’s influence and Solomon’s political acumen in maintaining such an extensive domain.

Verses 22-28: Provision and Wealth

The detailed account of Solomon’s daily provisions underscores the immense wealth and grandiosity of his reign. The quantity of provisions, including thirty cors of fine flour and sixty cors of meal, highlights the largesse and the economic strength of Solomon’s kingdom.

  • Stall-fed cattle, pasture-fed cattle, sheep, and goats: Reflects diverse and abundant livestock, indicating agricultural prosperity.
  • Deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened fowl: Suggests a variety of food sources, indicating wealth and a rich diet.

The verses also describe Solomon’s dominion and his ability to maintain peace on all sides, emphasizing the stability and security that came with his rule. The text notes, “During Solomon’s lifetime, Judah and Israel lived in safety, from Dan to Beersheba, everyone under their own vine and fig tree.” This metaphor signifies personal security, prosperity, and agricultural abundance, symbols of peace and stability.

Verses 29-34: Solomon’s Wisdom

The chapter concludes by extolling Solomon’s wisdom, a central theme in the narrative of his reign. The text states, “God gave Solomon wisdom and very great insight, and a breadth of understanding as measureless as the sand on the seashore.” This divine gift of wisdom is portrayed as unparalleled, surpassing all others, including the renowned wise men of the east and Egypt.

This wisdom is not limited to governance and administration but extends to his knowledge of nature and ability to compose proverbs and songs. The mention of “three thousand proverbs and his songs numbered a thousand and five” showcases Solomon’s role as a prolific writer and thinker. His knowledge encompassed various domains, including botany, zoology, and more, illustrating a profound understanding of God’s creation.

“From all nations people came to listen to Solomon’s wisdom, sent by all the kings of the world, who had heard of his wisdom.” This verse highlights the far-reaching fame of Solomon’s wisdom, drawing dignitaries and scholars from distant lands to seek his counsel and marvel at his insights.

In conclusion, 1 Kings Chapter 4 paints a picture of Solomon’s kingdom as a well-organized, prosperous, and stable realm, underpinned by the king’s unparalleled wisdom granted by God. This chapter serves as a testament to the fulfillment of God’s promises and the manifestation of divine blessings in the governance and prosperity of Israel. Solomon’s administrative acumen, coupled with his profound wisdom, resulted in a reign characterized by peace, prosperity, and international admiration, setting a high benchmark for future leaders and kings.